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A respiratory physiology practical class - and beyond

PN had a physiology practical class on respiratory physiology, and the first exercise involved measuring the relative amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air. The results were as follows:

 
inhaled
exhaled
nitrogen
78%
78%
oxygen
21%
17%
carbon dioxide
0.04%
4.0%

 

How and where has the oxygen been consumed?

Where has the carbon dioxide come from?

See the answer